Numbers
8,746
Total Area (In Hector)
1,550
Land Usage
Ecological Information
Important Species
Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Tilapia, Indian Pond Heron, Little Cormorant, Seasonal migratory ducks and waders
Ecosystem Services
Provisioning: Drinking water, irrigation, fisheries (limited),
Regulating: Landslide control, erosion prevention, microclimate regulation,
Supporting: Habitat for endemic Himalayan species
Cultural: Religious importance of rivers/streams
Seasonal Hydrology
Monsoon (June–Sept):
High discharge in rivers like Teesta River
Flash floods and sediment flow
Winter (Dec–Feb):
Reduced flow in streams and springs
Pre-monsoon:
Water scarcity in hill settlements
Springs dry up in some areas
Socio Economic Importance
Primary source of drinking water (springs/jhoras)
Supports tea gardens irrigation
Limited fisheries but important for local livelihood
Essential for tourism (scenic rivers, lakes)
Community dependence is very high compared to plains
Wetland Converted
Small wetlands and springs converted due to:
Urban expansion (Darjeeling, Kalimpong hills),
Road construction and hill cutting,
Drying of jhoras (natural springs) increasing
Name of Wetlands
Information
Teesta Rivers
The Teesta River is the principal river of the Darjeeling district, originating from the Eastern Himalayas and flowing through deep valleys. It plays a vital role in shaping the region’s hydrology, supporting drinking water supply, irrigation, and hydropower generation. The river sustains diverse aquatic biodiversity, including hill stream fishes and invertebrates. It also contributes to sediment transport and valley formation. During the monsoon, the Teesta experiences high discharge and flooding, while in winter flows reduce significantly. It is crucial for local livelihoods, tourism (rafting), and ecological stability across North Bengal.
Rangeet River
The Rangeet River is a major tributary of the Teesta River, flowing through the forested hills of Darjeeling. Known for its clear waters and scenic valleys, it supports rich biodiversity, including fish, amphibians, and riparian vegetation. The river plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance and providing water resources for nearby communities. It is also popular for adventure tourism such as river rafting. Seasonal variations are significant, with strong monsoon flows and reduced winter discharge. The Rangeet contributes to sediment transport and nutrient cycling, enhancing the overall productivity of the Teesta basin ecosystem.
Mirik Lake (Sumendu Lake)
Mirik Lake, also known as Sumendu Lake, is a picturesque natural lake surrounded by pine forests and gardens. It is a major tourist attraction in Darjeeling district and plays an important role in local climate regulation. The lake supports aquatic life, birds, and vegetation, contributing to urban biodiversity. It also serves as a recreational hub for boating and tourism activities. The lake helps in groundwater recharge and rainwater storage. However, increasing tourism pressure and waste disposal have impacted its water quality, making conservation and sustainable management essential for maintaining its ecological and economic value.
Jore Pokhri
Jore Pokhri is a small but ecologically significant twin-lake system located near the Indo-Nepal border. It is particularly known as a habitat for the rare Himalayan Salamander (Tylototriton himalayanus), an important indicator species of clean water ecosystems. Surrounded by forested landscapes, the lakes support amphibians, birds, and aquatic vegetation. Jore Pokhri also has cultural and tourism importance, attracting visitors for its scenic beauty. The water bodies depend largely on rainfall and local hydrology. However, they are sensitive to climate change and human disturbance, requiring protection to preserve their fragile high-altitude ecosystem.